Essay --

Psychological Effectiveness in Rehabilitation Recently, many studies have proven that the psychological aspect of rehabilitation does determine the duration of the injury. If a patient believes that the exercises given to repair the injury work, then the time of healing will be much shorter, but if someone believes that rehabilitation is ineffective, their injuries will be prolonged. Many people tend to stray away from the psychological methods of rehabilitation because they believe using different techniques cannot help stabilize the brain and keep one’s thoughts positive. Actually, positive thinking equals a positive outcome; especially in a sport related injury. If an athlete trusts and believes in the rehab process, then they will most likely stay positive and keep up with the rehabilitation exercises. In many cases, learning about one’s injury can be extremely helpful in knowing what to expect during the rehabilitation process. When an injury occurs, ask the trainer, doctor, or therapist questions to educate one’s self about how to prepare for what is to come during rehabilitation. Coping with emotional stress during a sports injury is the best way to heal more quickly. By having a positive attitude, the patient will not get discouraged during rehab when they discover they are not as strong as they used to be prior to the injury. Also being aware of the rehab process can assist the injured with setting goals for recovery and reaching each milestone can be very motivational. Using mental imagery techniques can help strengthen one’s mental toughness, and help prepare the brain to stay on the positive track. Because the brain is an extremely complex organ, it functions only occur due to stimulation, therefore, if t... ... outer surface of the skin. The Icy Hot will be directly on the athlete’s knees, and will give them the feeling that there is somewhat of warmth on their muscles. But actually, Icy Hot never penetrates the epidermis. Menthol and methyl salicylate are known as counterirritants. They work by causing the skin to feel cool and then warm. Therefore, Icy Hot is a â€Å"quick fixer† because it tricks the brain into thinking that there is a reaction occurring underneath the skin’s surface to keep the muscles from tensing up. So if an athlete believes that Icy Hot keeps the muscles from tensing up, then the athletic trainer may choose to continue using the Icy Hot treatment because the athlete thinks it works. If an athletic trainer finds a treatment that works, then he or she will continue using it because if the athlete believes it works, then in a sense, it does work. â€Æ'

The thrust of the Computer Security Plan

The thrust of the Computer Security Plan part of the Business Plan is to ensure that the information systems to be deployed by the company will be in line with of the strategic mission and vision of the company. In order to insure that the information technology infrastructure and resources will meet the requisite requirements of every strategic, tactical and operational plan, the company decided to start on the right footing by adapting the standards contained in the ISO/IEC 17799:2005 or specifically known as the Information Technology – Security Techniques – Code of Practice for Information Security Management. By purchasing the ISO 17799 Toolkit, the company can follow the roadmap for a more secure information systems environment, implement the policies contained in the toolkit, and eventually obtain ISO 17799 certification to add more value to the consulting business. Specifically, the company will initially address the following areas that require immediate attention: 1.User authentication methods and policies – This will be based on Section 11.1.1 of ISO 17799 wherein, â€Å"An access control policy should be established, documented, and reviewed based on business and security requirements for access. Access control rules and rights for each user or group of users should be clearly stated in an access control policy. Access controls are both logical and physical and these should be considered together. Users and service providers should be given a clear statement of the business requirements to be met by access controls.† 2.Desktop policies – This will be based on Sections 11.3.2 Unattended user equipment and 11.3.3 Clear desk and clear screen policy wherein, â€Å"Users should ensure that unattended equipment has appropriate protection. All users should be made aware of the security requirements and procedures for protecting unattended equipment, as well as their responsibilities for implementing such protection. Users should be advised to terminate active sessions when finished, unless they can be secured by an appropriate locking mechanism, e.g. a password protected screen saver; log-off mainframe computers, servers, and office PCs when the session is finished; secure PCs or terminals from unauthorized use by a key lock or an equivalent control. A clear desk policy for papers and removable storage media and a clear screen policy for information processing facilities should be adopted.† 3.Remote user authentication methods and policies – This will be based on Section 11.4.2 User authentication for external users of ISO 17799 wherein, â€Å"Appropriate authentication methods should be used to control access by remote users. Authentication of remote users can be achieved using, for example, a cryptographic based technique, hardware tokens, or a challenge/response protocol. Possible implementations of such techniques can be found in various virtual private network (VPN) solutions. Dedicated private lines can also be used to provide assurance of the source of connections. Dial-back procedures and controls, e.g. using dial-back modems, can provide protection against unauthorized and unwanted connections to an organization's information processing facilities. This type of control authenticates users trying to establish a connection to an organization's network from remote locations.† 4.Password policy – This will be based on Section 11.3.1 Password use of ISO 17799 wherein, â€Å"Users should be required to follow good security practices in the selection and use of passwords. All users should be advised to keep passwords confidential; avoid keeping a paper or software record of passwords, unless this can be stored securely and the method of storing has been approved; change passwords whenever there is any indication of possible system or password compromise; select quality passwords with sufficient minimum length which are easy to remember; not based on anything somebody else could easily guess or obtain using person related information; not vulnerable to dictionary attacks; free of consecutive identical, all-numeric or all-alphabetic characters; change passwords at regular intervals or based on the number of accesses, and avoid re-using or cycling old passwords; change temporary passwords at the first log-on; not include passwords in any automated log-on process, not use the same password for business and non-business purposes.† 5.Communication process for email, secure file exchange via email – This will be based on Section 10.1.1 Documented operating procedures of ISO 17799 wherein, â€Å"Operating procedures should be documented, maintained, and made available to all users who need them. Documented procedures should be prepared for system activities associated with information processing and communication facilities, such as computer start-up and close-down procedures, backup, equipment maintenance, media handling, computer room and mail handling management, and safety. Operating procedures, and the documented procedures for system activities, should be treated as formal documents and changes authorized by management. Where technically feasible, information systems should be managed consistently, using the same procedures, tools, and utilities.† To further manage the information technology infrastructure and resources, the plan calls for the adoption of the â€Å"best-of-breed† approach by way of making certain that the building blocks of information security (Shaurette 2002) are fully exploited. These building blocks include the optimum use of security policies, authentication, access control, anti-virus/content filtering systems, virtual private networking (VPN)/encryption methodologies, vulnerability services consulting, intrusion protection system, and public key infrastructure (PKI)/certification authorities (CA)/digital signatures systems. This is considered to be the first step towards finding a technique for modeling and evaluating the security of a system (Stjerneby 2002).

Marketing - 8520 Words

Because of permissions issues, some material (e.g., photographs) has been removed from this chapter, though reference to it may occur in the text. The omitted content was intentionally deleted and is not needed to meet the Universitys requirements for this course. PART II Connecting with Customers C H A P T E R 4 Creating Customer Value, Satisfaction, and Loyalty In this chapter, we will address the following questions: 1. How can companies deliver customer value, satisfaction, and loyalty? 2. What is the lifetime value of a customer, and why is it important to marketers? 3. How can companies cultivate strong customer relationships? 4. What is the role of database marketing in customer relationship management? MARKETING†¦show more content†¦Suppose the buyer for a residential construction company wants to buy a tractor from either Caterpillar or Komatsu. After evaluating the two tractors, he decides that Caterpillar has greater product benefits, based on perceived reliability, durability, performance, and resale value. He also decides that Caterpillar’s personnel are more knowledgeable and perceives that the company will provide better services, such as maintenance. Finally, he places higher value on Caterpillar’s corporate image. He adds up all the benefits from these four sources—product, services, personnel, and image—and perceives Caterpillar as delivering greater customer benefits. The buyer also examines his total cost of transacting with Caterpillar versus Komatsu, including money plus the time, energy, and psychic costs expended in product acquisition, usage, maintenance, ownership, and disposal. Then the buyer compares Caterpillar’s tota l customer cost to its total customer benefits and Komatsu’s total customer cost to its total customer benefits. In the end, the buyer will buy from the source he thinks delivers the highest perceived value. A Framework for Marketing Management, Fourth Edition, by Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. 2008933525 Chapter 4 Creating Customer Value, Satisfaction, and LoyaltyShow MoreRelatedMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing966 Words   |  4 Pagesreflect back over these last five weeks I now have a clearer view of marketing and how it affects not just the consumers of the world and the companies with their marketing managers, but how it affects me. Yes, I am a consumer who clips coupons, budgets my finances, and looks for sale items and this marketing class has taught me that marketing is more than selling or advertising. Marketing managers have a difficult job, as marketing involves identifying, meeting and satisfying the needs of customersRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing1486 Words   |  6 Pagesthis day and age, marketing plays a pivotal role in the business environment. Marketing is dynamic, complicated and challenging. The basic concept of marketing is to identify the need of human and society, and research how to satisfy and create those need. According to American Marketing Association (AMA), defining that marketing is the processed activity which communicate and exchange valuable offerings to customers (AMA, 2013). To be more precise, the main mission of marketing is choosing targetRead MoreMarketing Concept Of Marketing : Marketing1651 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing concept Marketing plays a major function in any business organisation. The essence of marketing is about designing and managing a product and generating exchanges of value from where both the customer and the organisation can attain benefits. Marketing is the activity, set of institutions and processes for creating, communicating, delivering and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners and society at large (Solomon, Marshall Stuart, 2009, p.13). MarketersRead MoreMarketing Functions Of Marketing And Marketing1229 Words   |  5 Pagestrends, the marketing function is used as a measure in the business-to-business practice, to capture and place varied products in a market place (Kono, 2004). A typical market function provides details regarding the planning, information, product distribution, consumer support, risk taking, financing, and standardization and grading amongst other things (Makloof and Sundberg, 2006). In business a market function acts in respect to the corporate marketing, strategic marketing, field marketing and analysisRead MoreMarketing Concept Of Marketing And Marketing1413 Words   |  6 PagesMARKETING CONCEPT Marketing is an act of promoting and selling products or a service, this also includes marketing research and advertising. The marketing concept is the philosophy used by companies to analyse the needs of their customers so they can be better than the competition. As well as this they must also take into consideration the companies capabilities and the environment it is working in, as they can face the pressures of environmental changes. By using the marketing concept companiesRead MoreMarketing Orientation : Marketing And Marketing1450 Words   |  6 Pages A wide range of companies today prefer to adopt the marketing orientated approach to sell their new products rather than using product orientation before.In fact,marketing orientation also helps such companies to earn more profits in the long time.According to Jobber and Ellis Chadwick (2013),marketing orientation focuses on customers need as the primary drivers of organizational performance.However,this is not always the case. Product orientation still be used by some senior executives and thisRead MoreMarketing : Marketing And Relationship Marketing Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesIntegrating Marketing With the shift in the external marketing environments, Apple has also shifted its marketing strategy. It personalizes marketing through experiential marketing and relationship marketing. â€Å"Experiential marketing promotes a product by not only communicating a product’s features and benefits but also connecting it with unique and interesting consumer experiences† (Strategic Brand Management, P. 181). Customers can easily experience a sense of community every time they walk in intoRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing1770 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is Marketing? A plethora of individuals seem to be misinformed about marketing. Several of these individuals believe that marketing is just advertising. Others will tell you that marketing is all about sales, insinuating that all marketers are just salesmen. Now these beliefs are both right and wrong. â€Å"How can they both be right and wrong at the same time?† you may be asking yourself. Well they are right, because marketing encompasses both advertising and sales. They are both wrong by assumingRead MoreMarketing Mix Of Marketing And Marketing1001 Words   |  5 PagesIn The cutting edge world of marketing dated back in the late 1950s, the four Ps were called the marketing mix, meaning that a marketing plan is a mix of four components. A company who has adopted 4P approach focuses on product, whereas company who has adopted the value approach focuses on value to the consumer. One of other marketing mix is the Value approach. This approach concentrates on delivering value to the consumers or customers, the 4Ps approach is evidently concentrated not on customersRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing1878 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Marketing research is the process that associates the consumers, customers, and end users to the marketer through information — information used to classify and describe marketing prospects and problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; monitor marketing performance; and development understanding of marketing as a process. Marketing research identifies the information required to address these issues, designs the method for collecting information, manages and implements

Analysis Of Henry David Thoreau s Letter From Birmingham...

Throughout our country’s history, important figures have questioned how to play a role in confrontations and have practiced freedom of speech rights for justice. In the two articles, â€Å"Civil Disobedience† by Henry David Thoreau, and â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† by Martin Luther King, Jr.; both speakers focused on challenging social and political complications for the better of the future, country, and the government. â€Å"Civil Disobedience† by Thoreau, Henry David follows the author detaching himself from the government due to it favoring the majority based on the powers the certain group possesses and its stance on slavery. It, also, declares that the government is most optimal when it has the least amount of power over its people. The article, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† by King, Jr., Martin Luther, writes to defend his visit to Birmingham based on racial discrimination, segregation, church affiliations, and past conflicts. Whi le both articles had a different approaches to challenging society and politics, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was more effective in being presented than â€Å"Civil Disobedience† due to its diction, syntax, and tone. Furthermore, King is much more focused on addressing his targeted audience, doubtful citizens. A format is created that organized his best assumption of people, addressing a topic, claiming his side, and tied together with his personal affiliation. This pattern built a clear, concise, and forthright claims. â€Å"WhileShow MoreRelatedCivil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreaus Letter From A Birmingham Jail1605 Words   |  7 PagesCivil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau and The Letter from a Birmingham Jail by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr and taking a closer look at their rhetorical devices and strategy’s. In Civil disobedience by Henry David Thoreau shows us the need to prioritize some one’s wellbeing over what the law says. American laws are criticized mostly over slavery and the Mexican-American war. In Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† was written in response to a letter written by clergymen criticizingRead MoreThe Colli sion of Ones Conscience and Human Law 1113 Words   |  4 Pagesignore their conscience in order to feel accepted into society. This diminishes the chances for man to counter and test the unjustness’s in society. The conscience is an aptitude, faculty, intuition or judgment that assists in distinguishing right from wrong. The corruption of governmental control over society leads man to doubt his own ethics and consciousness. The Human Law destructs and damages the most important law of all: Natural Law. Natural law, the law that was bestowed upon us by a higher

Ethical Dilemmas Performance Enhancing Drugs - 1674 Words

Ethical Dilemmas: Performance Enhancing Drugs Today’s society places high-performance athletes on a pedestal and our youth look to become the next superstar. The question plaguing young athletes is â€Å"how can I get there?†. Physical development must be considered for any athlete and this consequently introduces the topic of performance enhancing drugs. These substances can cause physical development to occur faster than the natural rate, making the athlete a step above â€Å"the rest†. Ethical, moral, and spiritual dilemmas occur when a young athlete contemplates using one or more of these performance enhancers. However, the pressure to excel athletically creates the opportunity to strengthen the relationship with Christ by not engaging in†¦show more content†¦That is a question a person can only ask themselves which also offers insight into one’s personal integrity. Core Beliefs From the worldly perspective, people can be inclined to compromise ethical beliefs for their perceived benefit in doing so. In this case, having a coach ignoring performance enhancing drug use to continue a winning record, and teammates that are â€Å"pushing† the use creates tension for a developing athlete. Just because a substance is not yet illegal does not make it â€Å"right† to consume; the substance still offers an advantage over those who are not using it. â€Å"One hundred percent of community sports instructors†¦reported that they have a role to play in preventing doping† (Backhouse, 2012, p.170). With this knowledge, it becomes clear that there is a negative connotation associated with using performance enhancing drugs, and for good reason, â€Å"94% of community sports instructors indicated that doping should be outlawed due to its negative effects on health† (Backhouse, 2012, p.170). Christianity teaches that our bodies are the temple of the Holy Spirit, and that we must honor God with our bodies (1 Corinthians 6:19-20). This message more than implies that introducing foreign substances into our bodies for whatever reason goes against God’s will for us. As humans, we will be tempted through various means, but in standing strongShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Dilemma Of Performance Enhancing Drugs1005 Words   |  5 PagesEthical dilemmas often face a challenge on deciding what the right action to take is, and therefore are quite complex. Nevertheless, there are situations in which majority of individuals feel there is a clear acceptable choice. Specifically, the use of performance enhancing drugs through the public eye, are often not sanctioned as acceptable. With â€Å"the number of professional athletes using steroids [†¦] estimated to be fewer than 1%† (Petersen Kristensen, 2009). Throughout this paper the scenarioRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemm a Of Performance Enhancing Drugs1364 Words   |  6 PagesBenchmark Assignment: Ethical Dilemmas These days it seems as society is constantly being faced with Ethical Dilemmas. Whether it is normal everyday citizens, actors, business executives, and even athletes. The way that every person deal with ethical dilemmas is by relying on their worldview. The world of professional sports is a very tough and competitive place. It is full of top level athletes that are masters in their respective sports and the struggle that they all face is to be better than everyoneRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of The Case Of Banned Performance -enhancing Drug At The Club2014 Words   |  9 Pagesit in a right way. This situation gives rise to an ethical dilemma. The term ethics represents the moral value where a person is concern for a good behavior, and considers it as an obligation to not only consider personal well-being but also that of others. Thus, ethical behavior is the most appropriate behavior, which includes moral obligations, principles and values and also understanding the difference bet ween right and wrong. An Ethical dilemma is a situation, which is very complex and createsRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Faced With Performance Enhancing Drugs, Christian Worldview Beliefs, And How Different Worldviews1237 Words   |  5 PagesEthical dilemmas are something that almost every person will face at various times in their life. Often, even more than once. We were born sinners, so there are times people, even though knowing right from wrong, struggle with making the right decision. How a person works through the dilemmas they face are considerably influenced by their worldview. In this paper, we will look at the ethical dilemma a student faces when confronted with performance enhancing drugs, Christian worldview beliefs, andRead MoreEthical Dilemmas1304 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Dilemmas Kevin Brock April 26, 2015 CWV 101: Christian Worldview Instructor: Peter Rasor People from all walks of life face many ethical dilemmas. These dilemmas have consequences. Our worldview determines how we deal with these dilemmas, and guides us to the right decisions. In this essay, I will examine an ethical issues through my Christian worldview. I will also present other viewpoints, and compare them to mine. Ethical Dilemma This dilemma involves my friend Paul. Paul hasRead MoreEthical Dilemmas : An Ethical Dilemma1377 Words   |  6 PagesEthical dilemmas are presented to humanity often. What is an ethical dilemma made up of? Ethical dilemmas consist of controversial choices, peer pressure, strong opinions of society on both sides, and pull against personal values. However, the knowledge bank that a person has, or is willing to acquire will influence the resolution made. Paul is a young man that has had several accomplishments, including the starting position that he earned by working hard in the weight room and on the field. AlthoughRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Banned1223 Words   |  5 Pagesto performance enhancing drug use in athletes. Performance enhancing drugs should continue to be banned due to health risk factors, the element of cheating and abuse of the athlete s body. Paul is a dedicated young athlete. He works hard on the field and hard in the weight room training his body to peak conditioning for his sport. As a result of his hard work, Paul has secured a spot in the starting lineup. As his team develops and grows, Paul sees his team mates taking a performance enhancingRead MoreThe Issue Of Ethical Dilemmas1489 Words   |  6 PagesEthical dilemmas are presented to humanity often; dilemmas consist of controversial choices, peer pressure, strong opinions of society on both sides, and pull against personal values. However, the knowledge bank that a person has, or is willing to acquire will influence the resolution made. Paul is a young man that has had several accomplishments, including the starting position that he earned by working hard in the weight room and on the field. Although, members of the team have been trying a newRead MoreWhy Athletes Are Becoming An Elite Athlete909 Words   |  4 PagesWe’ve seen over time an increase i n the concern of athlete’s health whether it be from alcohol and/or drug abuse, and eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or other disordered eating patterns. Both problems could be detrimental to the individual’s health and both raise ethical dilemmas for a coach to consider. In this paper we will further discuss the issues associated with both drug or substance abuse and eating disorders in athletes. The first topic that will be discussed isRead MoreLance Armstrong Ethical Dilemma Case Study1806 Words   |  8 PagesEthical Dilemma The decision maker for the ethical dilemma for the lance Armstrong case is Chris Carmichael, the coach. The decisions are: To always overlook the use of PED or to never always overlook the use of PED. These two choices both have undesirable outcomes. To always overlook the use of PED: This option is undesirable because it the discovery of PED usage will lead to termination from the sport, resulting in failed coaching business. Never overlook the use of PED: This option us undesirable

A Case of Ipt Free Essays

A Case of IPT 1. How and where are platelets produced in the body? Platelets are produced in the bone marrow from very large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes. As megakaryocytes develop into giant cells, they undergo a process of fragmentation that results in the release of over 1,000 platelets per megakaryocyte. We will write a custom essay sample on A Case of Ipt or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Describe the role played by platelets in hemostasis. Platelets maintain the endothelial surface. Loss of circulating platelets quickly results in changes in the endothelial cells of the capillaries. These changes cause intravascular material to leak into the capillary bed. Platelets initially arrest bleeding in severed blood vessels. Platelets provide phospholipids, which acts as the catalytic surface for initiation of the coagulation process that played by platelets in hemostasis. 3. Define thrombocytopenia and list the more common causes of this condition. Thrombocytopenia is a blood disease characterized by an abnormally low number of platelets in the bloodstream. Abnormal reductions in the number of platelets are caused when abnormalities occur in any of the following three processes: decreased platelet production by the bone marrow; increased trapping of platelets by the spleen; or a more rapid than normal destruction of platelets. People with this condition easily bruise and can have episodes of excess bleeding. 4. What are the potential consequences of a low platelet count? Your blood would not clot as well in the event of an injury, and you could bleed to death without medical intervention. . What drugs have been associated with the development of thrombocytopenia? Some of the drugs associated with the development of Thrombocytopenia are Sulfonylurea drugs, Benzodiazepines like Diazepam and Anti-epileptic drugs like Carbamazepine. 6. How is thrombocytopenia treated in individuals diagnosed with the condition? The type of treatment you get would depend on the severity of the case, but some of the possible treatments are blood or platelet t ransfusions, steroids, immunoglobulin, and a splenectomy. . How might removal of the spleen (splenectomy) result in an increase in the number of circulating platelets? The spleen is supposed to remove antibodies from RBCs, so without the production of antibodies, the number of platelets should increase. 8. What is Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)? ITP is a bleeding disorder where blood doesn’t clot as well as it should due to a low number of platelets. Source: National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science How to cite A Case of Ipt, Essay examples

Japanese Martial Arts Essay Example For Students

Japanese Martial Arts Essay The Martial Arts of JapanThe martial arts have influenced Japan in many ways. Many of these arts have been passed down from ancient times and are still even practiced today. In my report, I will examine the major Japanese arts and tell how they have influenced Japan. First, however, I will give a little background for these arts. The original word for Japanese martial arts was bujutsu, or art of the military. This had more to do with physical techniques than philosophical and mental. The physical, mental and philosophical techniques were combined to create budo, or way of the military. Budo was also used to describe the code of the samurai in feudal days. Karate is actually a Japanese word meaning empty hand.(Nakayama 80) This applies that no weapons other than the hands are needed to attack or defend. Karate is categorized into four parts physical conditioning, self-defense, mental conditioning, and sport. A typical Karate tournament would include demonstrations of breaking, weapon s use, self-defense techniques, tradition and open forms and the most exciting competition, sparring. Nobody is quite sure when Karate was created, but we do know that an Indian priest, Daruma, a brilliant doctor, Hua To, and a popular general of the Sung Dynasty, Yuen Fei, are considered its forefathers. We also know that it was developed in Okinawan islands from Chinese techniques and local innovations as a system of self-defense. In the 1920s, Gichin Funakoshi, an Okinawan schoolteacher taught a method of karate to Japan which caught on. Figure 1 Sumo Warrior seen meditating before a battleSumo in its early days tended to be violent with no holds barred. During the reign of Emperor Saga (r. 809-23) the practice of sumo was encouraged as a martial art and rules were established and techniques cultivated. It is impossible to determine whether the art of sumo is a completely native sport or whether similar forms of grappling from other parts of Asia and Eurasia influenced it. Grappling is a rather basic, instinctive sport practiced mostly by men. In fact, the first grappling match e ver described went as so, lowly mortals grappled for quite a while until one finally rendered some devastating kicks to the others stomach and solar plexus. The one who was kicked was mortally wounded, and the victor went cheered.'(Newton 103)The earliest written mention of sumo is found in the Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters), a book from the year 712. According to the book, about 2,500 years ago, the gods Takemikazuchi and Takeminakata grappled along the Japan Sea coast in what is now Shimane-ken, until the latter finally lost. Takemikazuchi, who is said to have established the imperial family from which emperors could trace their roots, gave control of the archipelago to the Japanese people. The Japanese did not keep any written records until the 8th century. This means it is impossible to know, aside from the legend, exactly when the art of sumo first developed in Japan. However, ancient wall paintings indicate the origin is very old. Jujitsu is a 3,000-year-old martial art. It originated from a blending of native sumo and fighting techniques in Japan with the soft aspects of Kung Fu from China. Jujitsu incorporates empty hand defense and offense as well as bone setting and healing techniques for use by the instructor to fix any injuries occurring during training. It is also the predecessor of Aikido and Judo. One popular style of jujitsu is Danzan Ryu (the Cedar Mountain System.) Seishiro Okazaki founded Danzan Ryu Jujitsu. He got tuberculosis and sought to build his strength in martial arts. Affecting a cure due to the 6 days per week workout, massage and healing by his sensei, he dedicated his life to study of Budo ; healing. Another style of jujitsu is ninjitsu. Ninjitsu is the art of invisibility. Along with its jujitsu background, it can also be traced back to Chinese spying techniques. Ninjas were used in the sixth century to gain information about the enemy and sabotage his operations. However, we now call ninjas anybody who practices this art. Ninjas can be both male and female, but must possess three abilities. They must be a hunter, a wizard and a warrior. As with many Eastern martial arts, there is an emphasis on meditation in order to cultivate the mind and body. Ninjas place as much importance on spiritual and mental aspects of their art as on the physical. Aikido was develop ed from Jujitsu. It is said to be founded from Prince Teijun, the sixth son of Emperor Seiwa. From here, many generations later, in 1868, Sokaku Takeda began teaching the art to people outside the family. Takedas most outstanding pupil was Morihei Ueshiba. Ueshiba added his own techniques from other arts and became a teacher of Aikido. World War II spread Aikido greatly as soldiers were taught techniques and brought them back to their own countries. Figure 2 Fourth position Shino-nage (Four Directions throw)Aikido owes its development to teachers and practitioners who risked their lives developing new techniques. One major principle of Aikido is that strength consists of a straight but flexible mind and a body tempered by hard practice. Through aikido, one can become perfectly attuned to his opponent. One can sense his intentions and turn his movements to ones own advantage.(Bennett 56)Judo is translated as the gentle way. It can be described as a fun sport, an art, a discipline, a recreational or social activity, a fitness program, a means of self-defense or combat, or a way of life. Judo is best known for its spectacular throwing techniques but also involves considerable grappling on the ground utilizing specialized pins, control holds, arm locks, and Judo choking techniques. Figure 3 Smaller opponent seen using a Judothrow and subduing his larger foeJudo develops self-discipline and respect for oneself and others. It provides the means for learning self-confidence, concentration, and leadership skills, as well as physical coordination, power, and flexibility developing complete body control, fine balance, and fast reflexive action. Training gives a person an effective self-defense system if the need arises. Skill, technique and timing, rather than the use of brute strength, are the essential ingredients for success in Judo. Judo was founded from feudal Japan in 1882 from art of jujitsu. It was introduced to the Olympic Games in 1964. There are separate we ight divisions for men and women and boys and girls. Kendo can be described as Japanese fencing. The goal of Kendo is to develop ones character, i.e. self-confidence, courtesy, and respect for others. Kendo is demanding both physically and mentally. The equipment used for Kendo is the bamboo sword (shinai) and a set of protective armor (bogu.) There are four general areas to attack, subdivided into left and right sides of the body each worth one point. An official Kendo match is a three-point match and has a five-minute time limit. The player who scores two points first is the winner. For practice, the repetitive practice of basic movements is stressed in order to acquire the ability of moving without thinking. .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c , .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c .postImageUrl , .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c , .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c:hover , .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c:visited , .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c:active { border:0!important; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c:active , .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Debate Over Multicultural Education In America Essay Research PaperJapanese arts encourage a higher awareness of mind, body and spirit. This brings about ones consciousness of their environment. It can also give one a stronger sense of concentration. The arts started as simple methods of attack and defense used in serious combat that consisted of primitive hand-to-hand and stick fighting techniques. At times, a small and comparatively weak man would overcome a bigger opponent; and when the reason for his victory was appreciated, a new method would be created. Over the years, these techniques were refined and developed and still stand today. BibliographyAnonymous. How to Become a Ninja : Secrets from Ashida Kims Training Camp. Citadel Publications, 1995Bennett, Gary. Aikido : Techniques ; Tactics (Martial Arts Series). Human Kinetics, 1997Draeger, Donn F. Classical Budo : The Martial Arts ; Ways of Japan. Weatherhill, 1996Nakayama, Masatoshi. Best Karate : Bassai, Kanku. Kodansha, 1980Newton, Clyde ; Toff, Gerald C. Dynamic Sumo. Kodansha, 1995Shihan, Craig. Teacher of Judo and Budo. Stevens, John. Abundant Peace : The Biography of Morihei Ueshiba, Founder of Aikido. Shambhala Publications, 1987